Skip to content
Free public beta until December 4, 2026: every course is open, no card needed. After that, the first chapter of each course stays free and full access is a one-time $39 ($19 for up to 100 founding members chosen for helpful feedback). Your progress is kept. How the beta works

average voltage

A PWM signal's voltage averaged over a period: the duty cycle times the high voltage.

For a PWM signal switching between 0 and V_high with duty cycle D, the average over one period is D·V_high. A low-pass filter, or the slow response of a motor or the eye, turns that average into what you observe.

Read the full section →