Skip to content
Free public beta until December 4, 2026: every course is open, no card needed. After that, the first chapter of each course stays free and full access is a one-time $39 ($19 for up to 100 founding members chosen for helpful feedback). Your progress is kept. How the beta works

negation introduction

From a subproof that assumes A and reaches ⊥, write ¬A.

Negation introduction (¬I) lets you write ¬A after a subproof that begins with the assumption A and ends with ⊥. It shows a sentence false by showing it leads to a contradiction.

Examples

  • Assume P, derive ⊥, close the subproof, write ¬P (¬I).

Read the full section →