Skip to content
Free public beta until December 4, 2026: every course is open, no card needed. After that, the first chapter of each course stays free and full access is a one-time $39 ($19 for up to 100 founding members chosen for helpful feedback). Your progress is kept. How the beta works

replacement of equivalents

Swapping a part of a sentence for something equivalent keeps the whole equivalent.

If B ≡ C, then replacing an occurrence of B inside a sentence A with C produces a sentence equivalent to A. This is what licenses each step of a chain of equivalences.

Examples

  • Since ¬¬Q ≡ Q, the sentence P ∧ ¬¬Q is equivalent to P ∧ Q.

Read the full section →