Skip to content
Free public beta until December 4, 2026: every course is open, no card needed. After that, the first chapter of each course stays free and full access is a one-time $39 ($19 for up to 100 founding members chosen for helpful feedback). Your progress is kept. How the beta works

subalternation

On the traditional square, the inference from "all" down to "some."

Subalternation is the traditional square's relation between a universal statement and the particular statement of the same quality below it: from A infer I, from E infer O. It holds only when the subject class has members, so the Boolean reading drops it.

Examples

  • From "All unicorns are white," subalternation would give "Some unicorns are white," which is false because there are no unicorns.

Read the full section →