secure element
A separate small chip that makes and keeps a device's private key and signs with it, so the key never leaves.
A secure element is a tamper-resistant chip that generates and stores private keys and performs signing inside itself, exposing only public keys and signatures to the host microcontroller.
Examples
A Microchip ATECC608 wired to the ESP32 creates the device's private key inside itself and signs for the ESP32, so even someone reading the flash never sees the key.
See also